first commit

backup-user/README.md

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+# Restic user backup → TrueNAS REST server
+
+User-level backup for personal machines (desktop, laptop).
+No `sudo` required — everything runs as your own user.
+
+## Differences from the system-level setup
+
+| | System (`backup/`) | User (`backup-user/`) |
+|---|---|---|
+| Runs as | root | your user |
+| Config | `/etc/restic/` | `~/.config/restic/` |
+| Script | `/usr/local/bin/` | `~/.local/bin/` |
+| Systemd units | `/etc/systemd/system/` | `~/.config/systemd/user/` |
+| Commands | `sudo systemctl` | `systemctl --user` |
+| Logs | `journalctl -u` | `journalctl --user -u` |
+| Package dump | ✅ (has root) | ❌ (not needed) |
+| Boot timer trigger | `OnBootSec` (system boot) | `OnStartupSec` (after login) |
+
+---
+
+## Setup
+
+### 1. Create config directories
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p ~/.config/restic
+mkdir -p ~/.config/systemd/user
+mkdir -p ~/.local/bin
+```
+
+### 2. Install and fill in the env file
+
+```bash
+cp env.example ~/.config/restic/env
+nano ~/.config/restic/env
+chmod 600 ~/.config/restic/env
+```
+
+Set these values:
+- `MACHINE_NAME` — unique name for this machine (e.g. `desktop`, `laptop`)
+- `RESTIC_PASSWORD` — generate with `openssl rand -base64 32`
+- `BACKUP_PATHS` — adjust to what matters to you (default covers `.config`, `.local/share`, Documents, Pictures, Desktop)
+
+### 3. Install the excludes file
+
+```bash
+cp excludes.txt ~/.config/restic/excludes.txt
+# Optionally add machine-specific paths to skip
+nano ~/.config/restic/excludes.txt
+```
+
+### 4. Initialize the repository on the REST server
+
+```bash
+source <(set -a && cat ~/.config/restic/env) && restic init
+```
+
+### 5. Install the backup script
+
+```bash
+cp backup.sh ~/.local/bin/restic-backup.sh
+chmod +x ~/.local/bin/restic-backup.sh
+```
+
+### 6. Install the systemd user units
+
+```bash
+cp restic-backup.service    ~/.config/systemd/user/
+cp restic-backup.timer      ~/.config/systemd/user/
+cp restic-backup-boot.timer ~/.config/systemd/user/
+
+systemctl --user daemon-reload
+systemctl --user enable --now restic-backup.timer
+systemctl --user enable --now restic-backup-boot.timer
+```
+
+### 7. Run a first backup to verify
+
+```bash
+systemctl --user start restic-backup.service
+journalctl --user -u restic-backup.service -f
+```
+
+---
+
+## Useful commands
+
+```bash
+# Check timer status
+systemctl --user status restic-backup.timer restic-backup-boot.timer
+
+# List all snapshots
+source <(set -a && cat ~/.config/restic/env) && restic snapshots
+
+# Browse a snapshot interactively
+source <(set -a && cat ~/.config/restic/env) && restic mount ~/mnt/restic
+
+# Restore a single directory
+source <(set -a && cat ~/.config/restic/env) && \
+    restic restore latest --target /tmp/restore --include "$HOME/.config/nvim"
+
+# Check repo integrity
+source <(set -a && cat ~/.config/restic/env) && restic check
+
+# Watch backup logs live
+journalctl --user -u restic-backup.service -f
+```
+
+---
+
+## Password recovery
+
+Store a `recovery.txt` on TrueNAS alongside the repo — same as the system setup.
+
+```bash
+# On TrueNAS
+cp recovery.txt /mnt/pool/backups/recovery-desktop.txt
+chmod 600 /mnt/pool/backups/recovery-desktop.txt
+```

backup-user/backup.sh

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+#!/bin/bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# restic-backup.sh — user-level backup script
+# Deployed to: ~/.local/bin/restic-backup.sh
+#
+# Runs as a regular user — no sudo required.
+# Config: ~/.config/restic/env and ~/.config/restic/excludes.txt
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+log() { echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $*"; }
+
+# Load environment — set -a auto-exports all variables to child processes
+set -a && source "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME:-$HOME/.config}/restic/env" && set +a
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Server reachability check with retry
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+BACKUP_HOST="${BACKUP_SERVER%%:*}"
+BACKUP_PORT="${BACKUP_SERVER##*:}"
+MAX_RETRIES=3
+RETRY_MIN=600   # 10 min
+RETRY_MAX=1800  # 30 min
+
+server_reachable() {
+    (echo >/dev/tcp/"${BACKUP_HOST}"/"${BACKUP_PORT}") 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+wait_for_server() {
+    local attempt=1
+    while ! server_reachable; do
+        if [ "$attempt" -ge "$MAX_RETRIES" ]; then
+            log "ERROR: Backup server ${BACKUP_SERVER} unreachable after ${MAX_RETRIES} attempts. Giving up."
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        local delay=$(( RANDOM % (RETRY_MAX - RETRY_MIN + 1) + RETRY_MIN ))
+        log "Backup server unreachable (attempt ${attempt}/${MAX_RETRIES}). Retrying in $(( delay / 60 )) min..."
+        sleep "$delay"
+        (( attempt++ ))
+    done
+    log "Backup server reachable."
+}
+
+log "=== Backup started on $(hostname) (${MACHINE_NAME}) as $(whoami) ==="
+wait_for_server
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Backup
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+log "Running restic backup..."
+
+# Word-split BACKUP_PATHS intentionally — each path is a separate argument
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086
+restic backup \
+    $BACKUP_PATHS \
+    --exclude-file "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME:-$HOME/.config}/restic/excludes.txt" \
+    --one-file-system \
+    --verbose
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Retention
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+log "Applying retention policy (daily=${KEEP_DAILY} weekly=${KEEP_WEEKLY} monthly=${KEEP_MONTHLY})..."
+
+restic forget \
+    --keep-daily   "${KEEP_DAILY}" \
+    --keep-weekly  "${KEEP_WEEKLY}" \
+    --keep-monthly "${KEEP_MONTHLY}" \
+    --prune
+
+log "=== Backup finished on $(hostname) (${MACHINE_NAME}) ==="

backup-user/env.example

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+# =============================================================
+#  Per-machine restic configuration — USER level
+#  Copy to ~/.config/restic/env and fill in all values.
+#  chmod 600 ~/.config/restic/env
+# =============================================================
+
+# --- Machine identity ----------------------------------------
+# Each machine MUST have a unique name (e.g. desktop, laptop, workstation).
+export MACHINE_NAME=change-me
+
+# --- REST server ---------------------------------------------
+export BACKUP_SERVER=nas.box:30248
+export RESTIC_REPOSITORY=rest:http://oliver:oli1oli1@${BACKUP_SERVER}/${MACHINE_NAME}
+
+# --- Encryption ----------------------------------------------
+# Generate with: openssl rand -base64 32
+# Store in recovery.txt on TrueNAS and your personal password manager.
+export RESTIC_PASSWORD=change-me
+
+# --- Paths to back up ----------------------------------------
+# $HOME is expanded at runtime — adjust to what matters to you.
+export BACKUP_PATHS="$HOME/.config $HOME/.local/share $HOME/Documents $HOME/Pictures $HOME/Desktop"
+
+# --- Retention policy ----------------------------------------
+export KEEP_DAILY=5
+export KEEP_WEEKLY=3
+export KEEP_MONTHLY=3

backup-user/excludes.txt

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+# =============================================================
+#  Restic exclude patterns — USER level
+#  Copy to ~/.config/restic/excludes.txt and customize.
+# =============================================================
+
+# Caches
+.cache
+Cache
+cache
+.npm
+.gradle
+.maven
+
+# Browser data (large, recoverable)
+.config/google-chrome/Default/Cache
+.config/chromium/Default/Cache
+.config/BraveSoftware/Brave-Browser/Default/Cache
+.mozilla/firefox/*.default/cache2
+
+# Build artefacts
+node_modules
+__pycache__
+*.pyc
+target/
+.next/
+dist/
+
+# Temporary files
+*.tmp
+*.log
+*.swp
+
+# Large media you can recover elsewhere
+*.iso
+*.img
+*.vmdk
+
+# Trash
+.local/share/Trash

backup-user/restic-backup-boot.timer

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+[Unit]
+Description=Run restic user backup once after login (10-30 min delay)
+
+[Timer]
+# OnStartupSec = time since the user's systemd session started (i.e. after login)
+OnStartupSec=10min
+# Add a random 0-20 min on top → fires 10-30 min after login
+RandomizedDelaySec=1200
+Unit=restic-backup.service
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=timers.target

backup-user/restic-backup.service

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+[Unit]
+Description=Restic user backup to TrueNAS
+After=network-online.target
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+EnvironmentFile=%h/.config/restic/env
+ExecStart=%h/.local/bin/restic-backup.sh
+
+# Restic cache lives naturally in ~/.cache when $HOME is set — no override needed

backup-user/restic-backup.timer

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+[Unit]
+Description=Run restic user backup daily at 02:00
+
+[Timer]
+OnCalendar=*-*-* 02:00:00
+# Do NOT set Persistent=true — boot timer handles the catch-up for personal machines
+RandomizedDelaySec=600
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=timers.target

backup/README.md

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+# Restic backup → TrueNAS REST server
+
+Generic backup setup for any Linux machine (server, laptop, VM).
+Backs up over WireGuard to a restic REST server running on TrueNAS.
+
+## File overview
+
+| File | Purpose | Edit per machine? |
+|---|---|---|
+| `backup.sh` | Backup script | ❌ Never |
+| `restic-backup.service` | Systemd service | ❌ Never |
+| `restic-backup.timer` | Daily timer (02:00) | ❌ Never |
+| `restic-backup-boot.timer` | Boot timer — personal machines only | ❌ Never |
+| `env.example` | Machine config template | ✅ Yes — copy & fill in |
+| `excludes.txt` | Exclude patterns template | ✅ Yes — copy & customize |
+| `recovery.txt` | Emergency credentials | ✅ Yes — fill in, store on TrueNAS |
+
+`backup.sh`, the service, and the timers are **identical on every machine**.
+Only the env and excludes files are machine-specific.
+
+### Which timers to install
+
+| Machine type | `restic-backup.timer` | `restic-backup-boot.timer` |
+|---|---|---|
+| **Server** (always on) | ✅ | ❌ |
+| **Personal** (laptop, desktop) | ✅ | ✅ |
+
+For personal machines the daily timer covers the case where the machine
+happens to be on at 02:00 (e.g. left overnight), while the boot timer
+ensures a backup runs whenever you start the machine during the day.
+
+> **Note for personal machines:** `Persistent=true` in the daily timer
+> means systemd will catch up a missed 02:00 run at next boot — which
+> would fire at the same time as the boot timer. Disable it on personal
+> machines:
+> ```bash
+> sudo systemctl edit restic-backup.timer
+> # Add:
+> # [Timer]
+> # Persistent=false
+> ```
+
+---
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- TrueNAS REST server reachable (confirmed ✅ at `nas.box:30248`)
+- WireGuard tunnel active
+- `restic` installed
+
+```bash
+# Debian / Ubuntu
+apt install restic
+
+# Arch
+pacman -S restic
+
+# Any distro — latest binary from GitHub
+# https://github.com/restic/restic/releases
+```
+
+---
+
+## Setup (repeat for each machine)
+
+### 1. Create the config directory
+
+```bash
+sudo mkdir -p /etc/restic
+```
+
+### 2. Install and fill in the env file
+
+```bash
+sudo cp env.example /etc/restic/env
+sudo nano /etc/restic/env
+sudo chmod 600 /etc/restic/env
+```
+
+Set these values:
+- `MACHINE_NAME` — unique name for this machine (e.g. `netcup`, `laptop`, `homeserver`)
+- `RESTIC_PASSWORD` — generate with `openssl rand -base64 32`
+- `BACKUP_PATHS` — space-separated list of paths to back up
+
+### 3. Install the excludes file
+
+```bash
+sudo cp excludes.txt /etc/restic/excludes.txt
+# Edit to add any machine-specific paths to skip
+sudo nano /etc/restic/excludes.txt
+```
+
+### 4. Initialize the repository on the REST server
+
+```bash
+sudo bash -c 'set -a && source /etc/restic/env && restic init'
+```
+
+### 5. Install the backup script
+
+```bash
+sudo cp backup.sh /usr/local/bin/restic-backup.sh
+sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/restic-backup.sh
+```
+
+### 6. Install the systemd units
+
+**Server:**
+```bash
+sudo cp restic-backup.service  /etc/systemd/system/
+sudo cp restic-backup.timer    /etc/systemd/system/
+
+sudo systemctl daemon-reload
+sudo systemctl enable --now restic-backup.timer
+```
+
+**Personal machine (laptop / desktop):**
+```bash
+sudo cp restic-backup.service      /etc/systemd/system/
+sudo cp restic-backup.timer        /etc/systemd/system/
+sudo cp restic-backup-boot.timer   /etc/systemd/system/
+
+sudo systemctl daemon-reload
+sudo systemctl enable --now restic-backup.timer
+sudo systemctl enable --now restic-backup-boot.timer
+
+# Disable catch-up on the daily timer to avoid double backup at boot
+sudo systemctl edit restic-backup.timer
+# Add these lines, save and close:
+# [Timer]
+# Persistent=false
+```
+
+### 7. Run a first backup to verify
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl start restic-backup.service
+sudo journalctl -u restic-backup.service -f
+```
+
+---
+
+## Useful commands
+
+```bash
+# Check timer status and next run time
+systemctl status restic-backup.timer restic-backup-boot.timer
+
+# List all snapshots
+sudo bash -c 'set -a && source /etc/restic/env && restic snapshots'
+
+# Browse a snapshot interactively
+sudo bash -c 'set -a && source /etc/restic/env && restic mount /mnt/restic'
+
+# Restore a single file or directory
+sudo bash -c 'set -a && source /etc/restic/env && restic restore latest --target /tmp/restore --include /etc/wireguard'
+
+# Check repo integrity
+sudo bash -c 'set -a && source /etc/restic/env && restic check'
+```
+
+---
+
+## Password recovery — avoid the bootstrap trap
+
+If your password manager runs on the machine being backed up, losing that
+machine means losing access to the password — and the repo is unrecoverable.
+
+**Solution:** store `recovery.txt` on TrueNAS, outside the restic repo.
+
+```bash
+# On TrueNAS — one file per machine
+cp recovery.txt /mnt/pool/backups/recovery-netcup.txt
+chmod 600 /mnt/pool/backups/recovery-netcup.txt
+```
+
+```
+/mnt/pool/backups/
+├── netcup/                  ← restic repo (encrypted)
+├── laptop/                  ← restic repo (encrypted)
+├── recovery-netcup.txt      ← credentials + restore steps
+└── recovery-laptop.txt      ← credentials + restore steps
+```
+
+**Recommended redundancy:**
+
+| Copy | Survives |
+|---|---|
+| TrueNAS `recovery-<machine>.txt` | Machine loss |
+| Personal device password manager | TrueNAS loss |
+| Printed in a safe | Everything digital |
+
+---
+
+## Server reconstruction
+
+On a fresh machine:
+
+```bash
+# 1. Install restic
+apt install restic
+
+# 2. Restore all files
+RESTIC_PASSWORD=<from recovery.txt> \
+restic -r rest:http://oliver:oli1oli1@nas.box:30248/<MACHINE_NAME> \
+restore latest --target /
+
+# 3. Reinstall packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
+dpkg --set-selections < /etc/backup-package-list.txt
+apt-get dselect-upgrade
+
+# 4. Reload systemd
+systemctl daemon-reload
+```

backup/backup.sh

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+#!/bin/bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# restic-backup.sh — generic backup script
+# Deployed to: /usr/local/bin/restic-backup.sh
+#
+# All machine-specific config lives in /etc/restic/env and
+# /etc/restic/excludes.txt — this script never needs editing.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+log() { echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $*"; }
+
+# Load environment — set -a auto-exports all variables to child processes
+set -a && source /etc/restic/env && set +a
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Server reachability check with retry
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+BACKUP_HOST="${BACKUP_SERVER%%:*}"
+BACKUP_PORT="${BACKUP_SERVER##*:}"
+MAX_RETRIES=3
+RETRY_MIN=600   # 10 min
+RETRY_MAX=1800  # 30 min
+
+server_reachable() {
+    # Dependency-free TCP check using bash built-ins
+    (echo >/dev/tcp/"${BACKUP_HOST}"/"${BACKUP_PORT}") 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+wait_for_server() {
+    local attempt=1
+    while ! server_reachable; do
+        if [ "$attempt" -ge "$MAX_RETRIES" ]; then
+            log "ERROR: Backup server ${BACKUP_SERVER} unreachable after ${MAX_RETRIES} attempts. Giving up."
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        local delay=$(( RANDOM % (RETRY_MAX - RETRY_MIN + 1) + RETRY_MIN ))
+        log "Backup server unreachable (attempt ${attempt}/${MAX_RETRIES}). Retrying in $(( delay / 60 )) min..."
+        sleep "$delay"
+        (( attempt++ ))
+    done
+    log "Backup server reachable."
+}
+
+log "=== Backup started on $(hostname) (${MACHINE_NAME}) ==="
+wait_for_server
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Pre-backup hooks — dump system state so it's included in the snapshot
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Debian / Ubuntu
+if command -v dpkg &>/dev/null; then
+    log "Dumping installed packages (dpkg)..."
+    dpkg --get-selections > /etc/backup-package-list.txt
+# RHEL / Fedora / CentOS
+elif command -v rpm &>/dev/null; then
+    log "Dumping installed packages (rpm)..."
+    rpm -qa > /etc/backup-package-list.txt
+# Arch Linux
+elif command -v pacman &>/dev/null; then
+    log "Dumping installed packages (pacman)..."
+    pacman -Qqe > /etc/backup-package-list.txt
+fi
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Backup
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+log "Running restic backup..."
+
+# Word-split BACKUP_PATHS intentionally — each path is a separate argument
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086
+restic backup \
+    $BACKUP_PATHS \
+    --exclude-file /etc/restic/excludes.txt \
+    --one-file-system \
+    --verbose
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Retention
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+log "Applying retention policy (daily=${KEEP_DAILY} weekly=${KEEP_WEEKLY} monthly=${KEEP_MONTHLY})..."
+
+restic forget \
+    --keep-daily   "${KEEP_DAILY}" \
+    --keep-weekly  "${KEEP_WEEKLY}" \
+    --keep-monthly "${KEEP_MONTHLY}" \
+    --prune
+
+log "=== Backup finished on $(hostname) (${MACHINE_NAME}) ==="

backup/env.example

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+# =============================================================
+#  Per-machine restic configuration
+#  Copy to /etc/restic/env and fill in all values.
+#  chmod 600 /etc/restic/env
+# =============================================================
+
+# --- Machine identity ----------------------------------------
+# Used as the repo name on the REST server.
+# Each machine MUST have a unique name (e.g. netcup, laptop, homeserver).
+export MACHINE_NAME=change-me
+
+# --- REST server ---------------------------------------------
+# BACKUP_SERVER is used for reachability checks (host:port).
+export BACKUP_SERVER=nas.box:30248
+export RESTIC_REPOSITORY=rest:http://oliver:oli1oli1@${BACKUP_SERVER}/${MACHINE_NAME}
+
+# --- Encryption ----------------------------------------------
+# Generate with: openssl rand -base64 32
+# Store in recovery.txt on TrueNAS and your personal password manager.
+export RESTIC_PASSWORD=change-me
+
+# --- Paths to back up ----------------------------------------
+# Space-separated list of absolute paths.
+export BACKUP_PATHS="/etc /root /var/spool/cron"
+
+# --- Retention policy ----------------------------------------
+export KEEP_DAILY=5
+export KEEP_WEEKLY=3
+export KEEP_MONTHLY=3

backup/excludes.txt

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+# =============================================================
+#  Restic exclude patterns
+#  Copy to /etc/restic/excludes.txt and customize per machine.
+#  Patterns without a leading / match anywhere in the path.
+#  Patterns with a leading / match from the root of the backup.
+# =============================================================
+
+# Caches
+.cache
+.npm
+.gradle
+
+# Build artefacts
+node_modules
+__pycache__
+*.pyc
+target/
+.next/
+
+# Temporary files
+*.tmp
+*.log
+*.swp
+
+# Large data you can re-generate or re-pull
+*.iso
+*.img

backup/recovery.txt

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+# ============================================================
+#  RESTIC RECOVERY CREDENTIALS
+#  Store this file on TrueNAS at:
+#  /mnt/pool/backups/recovery.txt
+#  chmod 600 /mnt/pool/backups/recovery.txt
+# ============================================================
+
+## Restic repository
+RESTIC_REPOSITORY=rest:http://oliver:oli1oli1@nas.box:30248/netcup
+
+## Restic encryption password  ← fill this in before storing
+RESTIC_PASSWORD=xxx
+
+## REST server
+Host:     nas.box:30248
+Username: oliver
+Password: oli1oli1
+
+## Retention policy
+keep-daily:   5
+keep-weekly:  3
+keep-monthly: 3
+
+## Backup paths (for reference when rebuilding)
+/etc
+/home/oliver
+/opt
+/var/data
+/var/spool/cron
+/root
+
+## To restore on a fresh server:
+##
+##   1. Install restic
+##      apt install restic
+##
+##   2. Restore all files
+##      RESTIC_PASSWORD=<password above> \
+##      restic -r rest:http://oliver:oli1oli1@nas.box:30248/netcup \
+##      restore latest --target /
+##
+##   3. Reinstall packages
+##      dpkg --set-selections < /etc/backup-package-list.txt
+##      apt-get dselect-upgrade
+##
+##   4. Reload systemd
+##      systemctl daemon-reload

backup/restic-backup-boot.timer

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+[Unit]
+Description=Run restic backup once after boot (10-30 min delay)
+
+[Timer]
+# Start no earlier than 10 min after boot
+OnBootSec=10min
+# Add a random 0-20 min on top → fires somewhere between 10 and 30 min after boot
+RandomizedDelaySec=1200
+Unit=restic-backup.service
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=timers.target

backup/restic-backup.service

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=Restic backup to TrueNAS
+After=network-online.target
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+EnvironmentFile=/etc/restic/env
+ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/restic-backup.sh
+
+# Give restic a cache directory (avoids "no $HOME" warning)
+CacheDirectory=restic
+Environment=RESTIC_CACHE_DIR=/var/cache/restic
+
+# Security hardening
+PrivateTmp=true
+NoNewPrivileges=true

backup/restic-backup.timer

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=Run restic backup daily at 02:00
+
+[Timer]
+# Run every day at 05:00
+OnCalendar=*-*-* 05:00:00
+# If the server was off at 05:00, run as soon as it's back up
+Persistent=true
+# Random delay up to 10 min to avoid exact-time load spikes
+RandomizedDelaySec=600
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=timers.target